Resources for Clinicians
Arousal and Emotion Regulation
The ability to control one’s emotional, physiological (arousal) and behavioral response to changing situational demands is routinely disrupted following TBI. Problems with emotional control can lead to moon swings, aggression and emotional lability, with irritability the most common behavioral complaint made by people with TBI and their families. Issues with arousal may manifest as apathy, loss of drive and initiative and difficulties with cognitive flexibility. Many of these symptoms persist over time following TBI due to damage to the frontal lobes, and alterations in arousal and emotional regulation strongly predict cognitive functioning.
General Overview
Understanding and Managing Behaviour Changes Following a TBI - The Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit, Liverpool Hospital Sydney has put together a workshop kit that explores the behavioural changes that occur following a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and offers a framework for effective behaviour management.
Emotional Problems After Traumatic Brain Injury - Difficulties controlling emotions, anxiety, depression, temper outbursts and irritability are all examples of the types of emotional problems someone can experience following a TBI. The TBI Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center further explains these common problems.
Cognitive Problems After Traumatic Brain Injury - A general overview of the common types of cognitive problems that can arise following a traumatic brain injury.
Emotional Changes Following a Traumatic Brain Injury - An InfoComic on emotional changes following traumatic brain injury. The TBI InfoComics were created to educate survivors of Traumatic Brain Injury, their families/caregivers, and healthcare providers about common symptoms of TBI and how to manage them. Our InfoComics are written to be accessible to people who may have memory issues or trouble reading large blocks of text.
Regulating Emotion After Traumatic Brain Injury - Tessa Hart, Director of the MossRehab Traumatic Brain Injury Clinical Research Laboratory explains that TBI can take a significant toll on the wellbeing of the injured person, including emotional changes.
Emotional Symptoms Following Traumatic Brain Injury - BrainLine provides information and resources about preventing, treating, and living with TBI. Here they have a number of articles on the various emotional problems that can arise following a traumatic brain injury.
Understanding Brain Trauma – Moving Ahead Chief Investigators, Professor Skye McDonald (UNSW) and Professor Jennie Ponsford (Monash University), provide expertise regarding the mechanisms and rehabilitation that arise after a brain injury to Catalyst reporter, Dr Maryanne Demasi.
Understanding and managing traumatic brain injury – Moving Ahead Chief Investigator, Professor Jennie Ponsford (Monash University), provides a thorough overview of TBI, including – the mechanisms of injury, psychosocial outcomes, rehabilitation following TBI, future directions for brain injury research and more.
Working with people with TBI- Sponsored by the Agency for Clinical Innovation (ACI) in NSW, Australia, the Brain Injury Rehabilitation Network exists to improve rehabilitation outcomes for adults, young people and children following traumatic brain injury (TBI). They do this by supporting clinicians and consumers to develop and implement best practice treatment across inpatient, transitional and community settings through providing self-study modules, toolkits, presenter modules and workplace learning resources.
The Caregivers Journey – The Journey Home website presents six video sessions with Tracy McGrew, a social worker, who guides caregivers of patients with traumatic brain injury through the journey ahead, providing them with challenges, tips and ways to advocate for their loved ones.
Assessments & Remediation
Meet the Expert: Methodology and Outcome Measures for Brain Injury Research - Professor Robyn Tate from the University of Sydney provides an overview of her research and its aims within the field of methodology and outcome measures as it relates to brain injury research.
Measuring Outcomes from TBI - Find basic information on over 100 different instruments that measure outcomes in Global Function; Behavioural Function; Family Environment; Health Related Quality of Life; Social Participation; Language and Communication; Measures of Self; Neuropsychology; Psychological Status; and Social Cognition. Information includes reliability, validity, sensitivity to change, advantages and disadvantages. This is a joint project from the team at the Moving Ahead Centre for Research Excellence in Brain Recovery, in collaboration with expert researchers and clinicians experienced in traumatic brain injury from around the world.
Online Lecture Series: Understanding brain injury and how to work with people with ABI – Sue Sloan is a registered Occupational Therapist and Clinical Neuropsychologist. She has worked in brain injury rehabilitation for over 40 years and has developed a strong interest in long-term rehabilitation where individuals experience complex cognitive-behavioural problems. Sue has published a series of six online lectures exploring brain injury and how to work with people who have acquired brain injury.
ASSBI – Since 1978, Australasian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment (ASSBI) has provided a unique forum for multi-disciplinary research and clinical practice for Australasian professionals working in brain impairment by offering annual continuing education opportunities through training, workshops, webinars and resources including assessments, treatments and books.
Lash & Associates Publishing / Training Inc. – This publishing company is the leading source of information on brain injury in children, adolescents, adults and veterans for over 20 years. They provide practical and informative books, tip cards, manuals, tool kits, attention training, and cognitive rehabilitation programs on traumatic and acquired brain injury, concussion, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Written for survivors, veterans, families, clinicians, therapists, educators, advocates, and caregivers, their products can be used in hospitals, rehabilitation programs, community agencies, schools, private practice, and home.
Publications
2016
Books and Book Chapters
Ponsford, J. (In Press). Anxiety and depression following TBI. In R.L. Wood & T.M. McMillan (Eds.), Neurobehavioural disability and social handicap (Second edition). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press Ltd.
Ponsford, J. (In Press). Fatigue and sleep disturbance following TBI. In R.L. Wood & T.M. McMillan (eds.), Neurobehavioural disability and social handicap (Second edition). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press Ltd.
Publications in Refereed National and International Journals
Francis, H.M., Fisher, A., Rushby, J.A., & McDonald, S. (2016). Reduced heart rate variability in chronic severe traumatic brain injury: Association with impaired emotional and social functioning, and potential for treatment using biofeedback. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 26(1), 103-125. DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2014.1003246
Francis, H.M., Penglis, K.M., & McDonald, S. (2016). Manipulation of heart rate variability can modify responses to anger-inducing stimuli. Social Neuroscience, 11(5), 545-552. DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2015.1115777
Grima, N., Ponsford, J., Rajaratnam, S.M., Mansfield, D., & Pase, M.P. (2016). Sleep Disturbances in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(3), 419-428. DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5598
Grima, N.A., Ponsford, J.L., St. Hilaire, M.A., Mansfield, D., & Rajaratnam, S.M. (2016). Circadian Melatonin Rhythm Following Traumatic Brain Injury. NeuroRehabilitation and Neural Repair, 30(11), 972-977. DOI: 10.1177/1545968316650279
Ponsford, J., Lee, N.K., Wong, D., McKay, A., Haines, K., Alway, Y., Downing, M., Furtado, C., O’Donnell, M.L. (2016). Efficacy of motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression symptoms following traumatic brain injury. Psychological Medicine, 46(5), 1079-1090. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291715002640
Ponsford, J.L., Spitz, G., & McKenzie, D. (2016). Using Post-Traumatic Amnesia to Predict Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33(11), 997-1004. DOI:10.1089/neu.2015.4025
Worrall, L., Ryan, B., Hudson, K., Kneebone, I., Simmons-Mackie, N., Khan, A., Hoffmann, T., Power, E., Togher, L., Rose, M. (2016). Reducing the psychosocial impact of aphasia on mood and quality of life in people with aphasia and the impact of caregiving in family members through the Aphasia Action Success Knowledge (Aphasia ASK) program: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17, 153. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1257-9
2015
Books and Book Chapters
Ponsford, J. (2015). Rehabilitation of attention following traumatic brain injury. In D.T. Stuss,, G. Winocur & I. H. Robertson (Eds.), Cognitive Neurorehabilitation (Second edition) (pp. 507-521). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Publications in Refereed National and International Journals
Crichton, A., Knight, S., Oakley, E., Babl, F.E., & Anderson, V. (2015). Fatigue in child chronic health conditions: a systematic review of assessment instruments. Pediatrics, 135(4), e1015-e1031. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-2440
Dymowski, A.R., Owens, J.A., Ponsford, J.L., & Willmott, C. (2015). Speed of processing and strategic control of attention after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(10), 1024-1035. DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1074663
Fisher, A.C., Rushby, J.A., McDonald, S., Parks, N., & Piguet, O. (2015). Neurophysiological correlates of dysregulated emotional arousal in severe traumatic brain injury. Clinical Neurophysiology, 126(2), 314-324. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.033
Gertler, P., Tate, R.L.., & Cameron, I.D. (2015). Non-pharmacological interventions for depression in adults and children with traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD009871. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009871.pub2
Lloyd, O., Ownsworth, T., Fleming, J., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J. (2015). Awareness Deficits in Children and Adolescents After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(5), 311-323. DOI: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000113
Ownsworth, T. (2015). To Err is Human; to Self-Regulate After Brain Injury, Divine. Brain Impairment, 16(3), 236-242. DOI: 10.1017/BrImp.2015.26
Richardson, C., McKay, A., & Ponsford, J. (2015). Factors influencing self-awareness following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(2), 43-54. DOI:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000048
Rosenberg, H., Dethier, M., Kessels, R.P., Westbrook, R.F. & McDonald, S. (2015). Emotion perception after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: The valence effect and the role of working memory, processing speed, and nonverbal reasoning. Neuropsychology, 29(4), 509-521. DOI: 10.1037/neu0000171
Tam, S., McKay, A., Sloan, S., & Ponsford, J. (2015). The experience of challenging behaviours following severe TBI: A family perspective. Brain Injury, 29(7-8), 813-821. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1005134
2014
Books and Book Chapters
McDonald, S., Rushby, J., Kelly, M., & De Sousa, A. (2014). Disorders of emotion and social cognition in TBI. In Levin, H., Shum, D. & Chan, R. (Eds.) Traumatic Brain Injury: A review of the research and future directions (pp. 133-160). New York, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-973752-9.
McDonald, S., Togher, L. & Code, C. The nature of cognitive deficits and psychosocial function following TBI. In McDonald, S., Togher, L. & Code, C. (Eds) (2014). Social and communication disorders following traumatic brain injury (2nd Edition) (pp. 48-88). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Ponsford, J. (2014). Short and long-term outcomes in survivors of traumatic brain injury. In H. S. Levin, D. H. K. Shum & R. C. K. Chan (Eds.). Understanding traumatic brain injury: Current research and future directions. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sherer, M. & Fleming, J. (2014). Impaired self-awareness. In M. Sherer & A. Sandler (Eds.). Handbook on the neuropsychology of traumatic brain injury (pp. 233-256). New York, NY; Springer.
Publications in Refereed National and International Journals
Catroppa, C., Stone, K., Rosema, S., Soo, C., & Anderson, V. (2014). Preliminary efficacy of an attention and memory intervention post-childhood brain injury. Brain Injury, 28(2), 252-260.
DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.860471
Cooper, J.M., Catroppa, C., Beauchamp, M.H., Eren, S., Godfrey, C., Ditchfield, M., & Anderson, V.A. (2014). Attentional control ten years post-childhood traumatic brain injury: the impact of lesion presence, location and severity in adolescence and early childhood. Journal of Neurotrauma, 31(8), 713-721. DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3101
Dahm, J. & Ponsford, J. (2014). Comparison of long-term outcomes following traumatic injury: what is the unique experience for those with brain injury compared with orthopaedic injury?. Injury, 46(1), 142-149. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.07.012
Di Battista, A., Godfrey, C., Soo, C., Catroppa, C., & Anderson, V. (2014). Depression and health related quality of life in adolescent survivors of a traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. PLoS One, 9(7). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101842
Di Battista, A., Godfrey, C., Soo, C., Catroppa, C., & Anderson, V. (2014). “In my Before Life”: Relationships, Coping and Post-Traumatic Growth in Adolescent Survivors of a Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 46(10), 975-983. DOI: 10.2340/16501977-1883
Doig, E., Kuipers, P., Prescott, S., Cornwell, P., & Fleming, J. (2014). Development of self-awareness after severe traumatic brain injury through participation in occupation-based rehabilitation: mixed methods analysis of a case series. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(5), 578-588. DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2014.010785
Gomes, A., Rinehart, N., Greenham, M., & Anderson, V. (2014). A Critical Review of Psychosocial Outcomes Following Childhood Stroke (1995-2012). Developmental Neuropsychology, 39(1), 9-24. DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2013.827197
Gould, K.R., Ponsford, J.L., & Spitz, G. (2014). Association between cognitive impairments and anxiety disorders following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2013.863832
Ponsford, J., Kelly, A., & Couchman, G. (2014). Self concept and self-esteem after acquired brain injury: a control group comparison. Brain Injury, 28(2), 146-154. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.859733
Ponsford, J.L. & Sinclair, K.L. (2014). Sleep and fatigue following traumatic brain injury. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 37(1), 77-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2013.10.001
Richardson, C., McKay, A., & Ponsford, J.L. (2014). Does feedback influence awareness following traumatic brain injury?. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 25(2), 233-253. DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2014.936878
Richardson, C., McKay, A., & Ponsford, J.L. (2014). The trajectory of awareness across the first year after traumatic brain injury: the role of biopsychosocial factors. Brain Injury, 28(13-14), 1711-1720. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.954270
Rosema, S., Muscara, F., Anderson, V., Godfrey, C., Eren, S., & Catroppa, C. (2014). Agreement on and predictors of long-term psychosocial development 16 years post-childhood traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 31(10), 899-905. DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3226
Rosema, S., Muscara, F., Anderson, V., Godfrey, C., Eren, S., & Catroppa, C. (2014). Young adults’ perspectives on their psychosocial outcomes 16 years following childhood traumatic brain injury. Social Care and Neurodisability, 5(3), 135-144. DOI: 10.1108/SCN-06-2013-0022
Schönberger, M., Herrberg, M., & Ponsford, J. (2014). Fatigue as a cause, not a consequence of depression and daytime sleepiness: a cross-lagged analysis. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29(5), 427-431. DOI: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e31829ddd08
Soo C, Tate, R., & Brookes, N. (2014). Psychosocial adjustment following acquired brain injury in childhood and adolescence: executive, behavioural and emotional contributions. Brain Injury, 28(7), 906-914. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.888762
2013
Publications in Refereed National and International Journals
Dahm, J., Wong, D., & Ponsford, J. (2013). Validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in assessing depression and anxiety following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 392-396. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.011
Dethier, M., Blairy, S., Rosenberg, H., & McDonald, S. (2013). Emotional regulation impairments following severe traumatic brain injury: an investigation of the body and facial feedback effects. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(4), 367-379. DOI: 10.1017/S1355617712001555
Doig, E.J. & Lane-Brown, A.T. (2013). Responsiveness of instruments to assess disorders of consciousness: a literature review. Brain Impairment, 13(3), 285-315. DOI: 10.1017/BrImp.2012.29
Douglas, J.M. (2013). Conceptualizing self and maintaining social connection following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 27(1), 60-74. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2012.722254
Green, L., Godfrey, C., Soo, C., Anderson, V., & Catroppa, C. (2013). A preliminary investigation into psychosocial outcome and quality-of-life in adolescents following childhood traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 27(7-8), 872-877. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.775506
Kelly, M., McDonald, S., & Kellett, D. (2013). The psychological effects of ostracism following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 27(13-14), 1676-1684. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.834381
Kelly, A., Ponsford, J., & Couchman, G. (2013). Impact of a family-focused intervention on self-concept after acquired brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23(4), 563-579. DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2013.795903
McDonald, S., Togher, L., Tate, R., Randall, R., English, T., & Gowland, A. (2013). A randomised controlled trial evaluating a brief intervention for deficits in recognising emotional prosody following severe ABI. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23(2), 267-286. DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2012.751340
Ryan, N.P., Anderson, V., Godfrey, C., Eren, S., Rosema, S., Taylor, K., & Catroppa, C. (2013). Social communication mediates the relationship between emotion perception and externalizing behaviors in young adult survivors of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 31(8), 811-819.
Sinclair, K.L., Ponsford, J.L., Rajaratnam, S.M., & Anderson, C. (2013). Sustained attention following traumatic brain injury: use of the Psychomotor Vigilance Task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(2), 210-224. DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2012.762340
Spitz, G., Schönberger, M., & Ponsford, J. (2013). The relations among cognitive impairment, coping style, and emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28(2), 116-125. DOI: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182452f4f
Woods, D., Catroppa, C., Eren, S., Godfrey, C., & Anderson, V. (2013). Helping families to manage challenging behaviour after paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). a model approach and review of the literature. Social Care and Neurodisability, 4(3-4), 94-104. DOI: 10.1108/SCN-01-2013-0003
2012
Books and Book Chapters
Gracey, F., Ownsworth, T. (2012). The experience of self in the world: the personal and social contexts of identity change after brain injury. In A. Haslam, C. Haslam & J. Jetten (Eds). The Social Cure (p. 273-295). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.
Publications in Refereed National and International Journals
Alway, Y., McKay, A., Ponsford, J., & Schönberger, M. (2012). Expressed emotion and its relationship to anxiety and depression after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 22(3), 374-390. DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2011.648757
de Sousa, A., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. (2012). Changes in emotional empathy, affective responsivity, and behavior following severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(6), 606-623. DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2012.667067
Hsieh, M.-Y., Ponsford, J., Wong, D., Schönberger, M., McKay, A., & Haines, K. (2012). A cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) programme for anxiety following moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI): Two case studies. Brain Injury, 26(2), 126-138. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.635365
Kelly, M., & McDonald, S. (2012). All alone with sweaty palms - Physiological arousal and ostracism. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83(3), 309-314. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.11.008
Ponsford, J. L., Ziino, C., Parcell, D. L., Shekleton, J. A., Roper, M., Redman, J. R. Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2012). Fatigue and Sleep Disturbance Following Traumatic Brain Injury - Their Nature, Causes, and Potential Treatments. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 27(3), 224-233. DOI: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e31824ee1a8
Schmidt, J., Fleming, J., Ownsworth, T., Lannin, N., & Khan, A. (2012). Feedback interventions for improving self-awareness after brain injury: A protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 59(2), 138-146. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1630.2012.00998.x
Evidence-Based Practice
PsycBITE™ is a joint initiative between Professor Robyn Tate (University of Sydney), Dr Michael Perdices (Royal North Shore Hospital), Professor Leanne Togher and Dr Anne Moseley (University of Sydney) and Professor Skye McDonald (UNSW). PsycBITE™ is a free database that includes all trials that have been published that evaluate treatment for any behavioural, communication, cognitive or psychological disorders arising from any form of acquired brain impairment in children (above the age of 5 years) and adults. As of July 2016 there are over 5000 treatment studies listed on PsycBITE™ with prospective searches being conducted on a regular basis. To enter the database click www.psycbite.com.
Click here to find out why PsycBITE™ is a useful resource for clinicians from Moving Ahead Chief Investigator, Professor Robyn Tate (University of Sydney).
The Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials (RoBiNT) Scale: An Expanded Manual for the Critical Appraisal of Single-Case Reports - The PsycBITE Group has developed the RoBiNT Scale that makes it possible to judge how well a single-case experimental study has been conducted. This scale not only helps readers judge how good a study is, but it also provides clear guidance in how to conduct a good study. The manual provides examples of good, mixed and poor studies, focusing on fifteen different aspects of a study, for example, whether the study used an acceptable design, whether raw data was provided, whether assessments were conducted in a non-biased fashion and how data was analysed.
Why is it important for clinicians to use evidence-based research in practice? - Professor Robyn Tate from the University of Sydney answers why it's important for clinicians to use evidence-based research in practice.
Value of Single-Case Research Design in Brain Injury Rehabilitation - Professor Robyn Tate from the University of Sydney discusses the value of single-case research design in brain injury rehabilitation.
Translating Single-Case Research into Practice: The Example of "Alan" - Professor Robyn Tate from the University of Sydney provides an example of how to translate single-case research into clinical practice using the example of "Alan".
The Evidence-Based Review of Moderate To Severe Acquired Brain Injury (ERABI) is a joint project to develop an evidence-based review of the literature for rehabilitation or rehabilitation-related interventions for acquired brain injury (ABI). The principle of the ERABI is to improve the quality of ABI rehabilitation by synthesizing the current literature into a utilizable format and laying the foundation for effective knowledge transfer to improve programs and services.
The Speech Pathology Database for Best Interventions and Treatment Efficacy, known as speechBITE, is a free searchable database on the internet designed to assist speech pathologists in evidence-based clinical decision making. Launched in 2008, speechBITE is a joint initiative between the University of Sydney and Speech Pathology Australia led by Chief Investigator Professor Leanne Togher. speechBITE has more than 3000 references from peer-reviewed published journals on treatment for communication and or/swallowing disorders across the lifespan. Methodological ratings for randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials and single-case experimental designs are also available on speechBITE. To enter the database click www.speechbite.com.
OTseeker is a database that contains abstracts of systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials and other resources relevant to occupational therapy interventions. Most trials have been critically appraised for their validity and interpretability. In one database, OTseeker provides fast and easy access to information from a wide range of sources to inform occupational therapy.
PEDro is the Physiotherapy Evidence Database. PEDro is a free database of over 37,000 randomised trials, systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines in physiotherapy. For each trial, review or guideline, PEDro provides the citation details, the abstract and a link to the full text, where possible. All trials on PEDro are independently assessed for quality. These quality ratings are used to quickly guide users to trials that are more likely to be valid and to contain sufficient information to guide clinical practice. PEDro is produced by Musculoskeletal Health Sydney, School of Public Health at the University of Sydney and is hosted by Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA).
External Resources
- Understanding TBI - The University of Washington MSKTC and the TBI Model Systems in the United States developed a four-part series designed to help consumers understand traumatic brain injury.
- TBI InfoComics - The TBI InfoComics are a project of the University of Washington Traumatic Brain Injury Model System study (TBIMS) in the USA, which began in 2013. The TBI InfoComics were created to educate survivors of TBI, their families and/or caregivers, and healthcare providers about common symptoms of TBI and how to manage them.
- Clinical Neuropsychologist, Dr Glen Johnson from Michigan, USA, provides a clear understanding of what happens after a head injury and discusses commonly asked questions in his online book titled Traumatic Brain Injury Survival Guide. Dr Johnson wrote this book with the goal of better preparing the head injured person and family for the recovery that lies ahead.
- Understanding Brain Injury: A Guide for the Family - The Mayo Clinic in the USA developed this booklet contains information on the human brain, causes of acquired brain injury, the recovery process, and behavior, communication and physical changes after brain injury. It also outlines examples of stressful behaviours and situations that people with brain injury may experience.
- Brain Injury Australia - This acquired brain injury (ABI) advocacy body works at a national level to ensure that all people living with ABI have access to the support and resources they need to optimise their social and economic participation in the community.
- Synapse - Formerly known as the Brain Injury Association of Queensland, Synapse seeks to be the lead community-based organisation in QLD Australia providing support, advocacy and information to people with an ABI, their families, and to individuals or organisations that share the ABI experience in any way and for any reason.
- Liverpool Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit - Located at Liverpool Hospital in NSW, Australia, the LBIRU has established a national and international reputation for outstanding research in the rehabilitation of people with TBI. This Unit not only provides rehabilitation services for people with TBI, but also provides various resources for people living with a brain injury and their families.
- BrainLink - Located in Victoria, Australia, this service is dedicated to improving the quality of life of people affected by brain conditions by providing information and support to those affected and their families. BrainLink has a library that offers books, articles and videos about children and young people with ABI and their families.
- The International Brain Injury Association - IBIA is dedicated to the development and support of multidisciplinary medical and clinical professionals, advocates, policy makers, consumers and others who work to improve outcomes and opportunities for persons with brain injury.
- Brain Injury Association of America - BIAA is the United States of America’s oldest and largest nationwide brain injury advocacy organization. Their mission is to advance awareness, research, treatment and education and to improve the quality of life for all individuals impacted by brain injury. Through advocacy, they help provide hope and healing to millions of individuals living with brain injury, their families and the professionals who serve them.
- BrainLine - This national multimedia project is a service of WETA, the public TV and radio station in Washington, DC. USA. BrainLine offers information and resources about preventing, treating, and living with TBI, including a series of webcasts, an electronic newsletter, and an extensive outreach campaign in partnership with national organizations concerned about traumatic brain injury.
- Model Systems Knowledge Translation Centre (MSKTC) - The MSKTC is a national center in the USA that helps facilitate the knowledge translation process to make research meaningful to those with spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI) and burn injury (Burn).
- The Journey Home - The Centre of Excellence for Medical Multimedia’s Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) webiste provides an informative and sensitive exploration of TBI, including information for patients, family members, and caregivers. Topics include types and symptoms of brain injury, TBI treatment and recovery, and helpful insights about the potential long-term effects of brain injury. Animation is used to help patients clearly understand the brain, and the results of injuries to different parts of the brain. Survivors and their caregivers share courageous stories about their own experiences, providing down-to-earth facts along with inspiration and hope.
- Headway - the brain injury assocation - Headway is the UK-wide charity that works to improve life after brain injury. Through its network of more than 125 groups and branches across the UK, it provides support, services and information to brain injury survivors, their families and carers, as well as to professionals in the health and legal fields.