Resources for Clinicians
Communication and Speech
Communication is fundamental to human relationships, to work, family and friendships. There are a number of ways in which communication can be disrupted following TBI. There may be difficulties with speaking clearly, problems with language production and comprehension (aphasia) and also with cognitive-communication. The latter refers to difficulty with the normal to and fro of conversation and discourse despite intact language skills.
General Overview
Meet the Expert: Communication and Brain Injury- Moving Ahead Chief Investigator Professor Leanne Togher from the University of Sydney provides an overview of her research and its aims within the field of communication as it relates to brain injury.
How is your research informing clinical practice? - Moving Ahead Chief Investigator Professor Leanne Togher from the University of Sydney shares how her research in the field of brain injury is informing clinical practice.
Expert Advice for Clinicians Working with Patients and Families Affected by Brain Injury - Moving Ahead Chief Investigator Professor Leanne Togher from the University of Sydney gives advice to clinicians working with patients and families affected by brain injury.
Communication following a brain injury - The Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit, Liverpool Hospital Sydney has put together a workshop kit that provides information about the range of communication problems that may result following a traumatic brain injury (TBI), as well as strategies for dealing with some of these deficits.
Communication Disorders After a Brain Injury – Synapse strives to reconnect the lives of those affected by brain injury. A brain injury can affect our communication abilities by impairing hearing, the muscle movements of speech, or the cognitive processes that turn our thoughts into words. Read more here in Synapse’s Rehabilitation Factsheet on Communication.
Cognitive Problems After Traumatic Brain Injury – A general overview of the common types of cognitive problems that can arise following a traumatic brain injury.
A Guide to Social Communication and Traumatic Brain Injury – A practical guide on social communication changes following TBI including outcomes, assessment, treatment, evidence base for clinical practice and application in clinical practice.
Brain Injury and Communication Problems – Headway’s mission is to promote understanding of all aspects of brain injury and provide information, support and services to survivors, their families and carers. This short guide identifies regions of brain involved in communication and provides links to access further information.
Cognitive and Communication Problems Following Brain Injury – The Brain Injury Society provides support, education and advocacy for persons living with an acquired brain injury, their family, friends and caregivers through goal specific, unique and innovative programming. Here they provide information on the types of cognitive and communicative disorders that could arise from brain injury, as well as information on how they can be treated and the research that is being conducted in this area.
Communicating with People who have a Brain Injury - BrainLine provides information and resources about preventing, treating, and living with TBI. Here they have tips on communicating with people with a traumatic brain injury and PTSD.
Understanding Brain Trauma – Moving Ahead Chief Investigators, Professor Skye McDonald (UNSW) and Professor Jennie Ponsford (Monash University), provide expertise regarding the mechanisms and rehabilitation that arise after a brain injury to Catalyst reporter, Dr Maryanne Demasi.
Understanding and managing traumatic brain injury – Moving Ahead Chief Investigator, Professor Jennie Ponsford (Monash University), provides a thorough overview of TBI, including – the mechanisms of injury, psychosocial outcomes, rehabilitation following TBI, future directions for brain injury research and more.
Working with people with TBI - Sponsored by the Agency for Clinical Innovation (ACI) in NSW, Australia, the Brain Injury Rehabilitation Network exists to improve rehabilitation outcomes for adults, young people and children following traumatic brain injury (TBI). They do this by supporting clinicians and consumers to develop and implement best practice treatment across inpatient, transitional and community settings through providing self-study modules, toolkits, presenter modules and workplace learning resources.
The Caregivers Journey – The Journey Home website presents six video sessions with Tracy McGrew, a social worker, who guides caregivers of patients with traumatic brain injury through the journey ahead, providing them with challenges, tips and ways to advocate for their loved ones.
Assessments & Remediation
TBI – Express: Social communication training for people with TBI and their communication partners – Moving Ahead Chief Investigators, Professor Leanne Togher, Professor Skye McDonald and Professor Robyn Tate, along with renowned researchers: Power, Ylvisaker & Rietdijk, developed this exciting new practical resource designed to provide speech pathologists and other health professionals with a comprehensive resource to improve the conversational skills of communication partners of people with TBI, and also to provide conversational skills training for people with TBI directly to improve everyday communication skills. Thus it entails two separate programs that are described in detail in a manual and CD. The program for Everyday Communication Partners (ECP) comprises seven modules over 10 sessions. Each module is divided into pre-session preparation (aims, resources to bring, what to do before, during and after the session), and appendices including participant and homework handouts). The program for people with TBI who attend treatment without a communication partner also comprises seven modules over 10 sessions. It is also divided into pre-session preparation (aims, resources to bring, what to do before, during and after the session), and appendices (participant and homework handouts).
TBI Express: From Research to Clinical Practice - Moving Ahead Chief Investigator Professor Leanne Togher from the University of Sydney discusses how TBI Express is informing clinical practice.
The Montreal Protocol for the Evaluation of Communication (MEC)- The MEC was developed to address the critical gap in assessment tools for people who have problems with communication in the absence of aphasia.
Cognitive Communication Checklist for Acquired Brain Injury (CCCABI)– The CCCABI is a referral tool designed to help flag communication difficulties after brain injury that require referral to speech-language pathologist (SLP).
Communicate with Confidence – This manual is a practical guide for anyone wanting to improve or refresh their communication skills.
Social and Communication Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury (Brain, Behaviour and Cognition) – This book by Moving Ahead Chief Investigators, Professor Skye McDonald and Professor Leanne Togher, along with Dr Chris Code, covers topics from understanding how the brain damage occurs, how it affects social and communication skills and how these problems might be treated. As such it will be of great interest to clinicians, postgraduate and undergraduate students and researchers in neuropsychology, speech and language pathology.
Dysphagia Post Trauma is a premier book in the Clinical Dysphagia Series by Elizabeth C. Ward and Moving Ahead Chief Investigator, Angela T. Morgan. The authors are world renown for their research and clinical insights into the often-challenging patterns of dysphagia caused by a variety of traumatic conditions. This book, like all the books in this series, is written with the practicing clinician in mind. Traumatic brain injury and all other traumatic injuries that influence swallowing are described. The emphasis on evaluation and treatment is described so clearly and thoroughly that a clinician can review relevant chapters and then confidently approach the bedside of even the most complicated patient. This is the one critical swallowing book for those clinicians with traumatically injured men, women, and children on their caseloads.
Meet the Expert: Methodology and Outcome Measures for Brain Injury Research - Professor Robyn Tate from the University of Sydney provides an overview of her research and its aims within the field of methodology and outcome measures as it relates to brain injury research.
Measuring Outcomes from TBI - Find basic information on over 100 different instruments that measure outcomes in Global Function; Behavioural Function; Family Environment; Health Related Quality of Life; Social Participation; Language and Communication; Measures of Self; Neuropsychology; Psychological Status; and Social Cognition. Information includes reliability, validity, sensitivity to change, advantages and disadvantages. This is a joint project from the team at the Moving Ahead Centre for Research Excellence in Brain Recovery, in collaboration with expert researchers and clinicians experienced in traumatic brain injury from around the world.
Online Lecture Series: Understanding brain injury and how to work with people with ABI– Sue Sloan is a registered Occupational Therapist and Clinical Neuropsychologist. She has worked in brain injury rehabilitation for over 40 years and has developed a strong interest in long-term rehabilitation where individuals experience complex cognitive-behavioural problems. Sue has published a series of six online lectures exploring brain injury and how to work with people who have acquired brain injury.
ASSBI – Since 1978, Australasian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment (ASSBI) has provided a unique forum for multi-disciplinary research and clinical practice for Australasian professionals working in brain impairment by offering annual continuing education opportunities through training, workshops, webinars and resources including assessments, treatments and books.
Lash & Associates Publishing / Training Inc. – This publishing company is the leading source of information on brain injury in children, adolescents, adults and veterans for over 20 years. They provide practical and informative books, tip cards, manuals, tool kits, attention training, and cognitive rehabilitation programs on traumatic and acquired brain injury, concussion, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Written for survivors, veterans, families, clinicians, therapists, educators, advocates, and caregivers, their products can be used in hospitals, rehabilitation programs, community agencies, schools, private practice, and home.
Publications
2016
Brassel, S., Kenny, B., Power, E., Elbourn, E., McDonald, S., Tate, R., MacWhinney, B., Turkstra, L., Holland, A., Togher, L. (2016). Conversational topics discussed by individuals with severe traumatic brain injury and their communication partners during sub-acute recovery. Brain Injury, 30(11), 1329-1342. DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1187288
Douglas, J.M., Bracy, C.A., & Snow, P.C. (2016). Return to Work and Social Communication Ability Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 59(3), 511-520. DOI: 10.1044/2015_JSLHR-L-15-0025
Elbourn, E., Togher, L., Kenny, B., & Power, E. (2016). Strengthening the quality of longitudinal research into cognitive-communication recovery after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2016.1193896
Finch, E., French, A., Ou, R.J. & Fleming, J. (2016). Participation in communication activities following traumatic brain injury: A time use diary study. Brain Injury, 30(7), 883-890.
DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2016.1146959
Fisher, F., Maule, R., Douglas, J. Andrews, S., & Philpott, A. (2016). Characterizing social communication changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12267
Ponsford, J.L., Spitz, G., & McKenzie, D. (2016). Using Post-Traumatic Amnesia to Predict Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33(11), 997-1004.
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4025
Roberts, C.M., Spitz, G., & Ponsford, J.L. (2016). Comparing Prospectively Recorded Posttraumatic Amnesia Duration with Retrospective Accounts. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(2), 71-77. DOI: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000154
Steel, J., Ferguson, A., Spencer, E., & Togher, L. (2016). Speech-language pathologists’ perspectives on cognitive communication assessment during post-traumatic amnesia. Brain Injury, 30(9), 1131-1142. DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1174785
Togher, L., McDonald, S., Tate, R., Rietdijk, R., & Power, E. (2016). The effectiveness of social communication partner training for adults with severe chronic TBI and their families using a measure of perceived communication ability. Neurorehabilitation, 38(3), 243-255.
DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151316
Turkstra, L.S., Clark, A., Burgess, S., Hengst, J.A., Wertheimer, J.C., & Paul, D. (2016). Pragmatic communication abilities in children and adults: implications for rehabilitation professionals. Disability and Rehabilitation. DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1212113
Worrall, L., Ryan, B., Hudson, K., Kneebone, I., Simmons-Mackie, N., Khan, A., Hoffmann, T., Power, E., Togher, L., Rose, M. (2016). Reducing the psychosocial impact of aphasia on mood and quality of life in people with aphasia and the impact of caregiving in family members through the Aphasia Action Success Knowledge (Aphasia ASK) program: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17, 153. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1257-9
2015
Attard, M.C., Lanyon, L., Togher, L., & Rose, M.L. (2015). Consumer perspectives on community aphasia groups: a narrative literature review in the context of psychological well-being. Aphasiology, 29(8), 983-1019. DOI: 10.1080/02687038.2015.1016888
Batty, R., Francis, A., Thomas, N., Hopwood, M., Ponsford, J., Johnston, L., & Rossell, S. (2015). Verbal fluency, clustering, and switching in patients with psychosis following traumatic brain injury (PFTBI). Psychiatry Research, 227(2-3), 152-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.040
Behn, N., Togher, L., & Power, E. (2015). Experiences from a communication training programme of paid carers in a residential rehabilitation centre for people with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 29(13-14), 1554-1560. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1077992
Cameron, A., McPhail, S.M., Hudson, K., Fleming, J., Lethlean, J., & Finch, E. (2015). Increasing the confidence and knowledge of occupational therapy and physiotherapy students when communicating with people with aphasia: A pre-post intervention study. Speech, Language and Hearing, 18(3), 148-155. DOI: 10.1179/2050572814Y.0000000062
Honan, C. A., McDonald, S., Gowland, A., Fisher, A., & Randall, R. K. (2015). Deficits in comprehension of speech acts after TBI: The role of theory of mind and executive function. Brain and Language, 150, 69-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.08.007
Mann, K., Power, E., Barnes, S., & Togher, L. (2015). Questioning in conversations before and after communication partner training for individuals with traumatic brain injury. Aphasiology, 29(9), 1082-1109. DOI: 10.1080/02687038.2015.1035226
Power, E., Thomas, E., Worrall, L., Rose, M., Togher, L., Nickels, L., Hersh, D., Godecke, E., O’Halloran, R., Lamont, S., O’Connor, C., Clarke, K. (2015). Development and validation of Australian aphasia rehabilitation best practice statements using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method. BMJ Open, 5, e007641. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007641
Steel, J., Ferguson, A., Spencer, E., & Togher, L. (2015). Language and cognitive communication during post traumatic amnesia: A critical synthesis. NeuroRehabilitation, 37(2), 221-234.
DOI: 10.3233/NRE-151255
2014
Douglas, J., Knox, L., De Maio, C., & Bridge, H. (2014). Improving Communication-specific Coping after Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of a New Treatment using Single case Experimental Design. Brain Impairment, 15(3), 190-201. DOI: 10.1017/BrImp.2014.25
Frith, M., Togher, L., Ferguson, A., Levick, W., & Docking, K. (2014). Assessment practices of speech-language pathologists for cognitive-communication disorders following traumatic brain injury in adults: an international survey. Brain Injury, 28(13-14), 1657-1666.
DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.947619
Guo, Y.E., Togher, L., & Power, E. (2014). Speech pathology services for people with aphasia: what is the current practice in Singapore?. Disability and Rehabilitation, 36(8), 691-704.
DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2013.804597
Liégeois, F., Mayes, A., & Morgan, A. (2014) Neural Correlates of Developmental Speech and Language Disorders: Evidence from Neuroimaging. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 1(3), 215-217. DOI: 10.1007/s40474-014-0019-1
Lum, J.A., Conti-Ramsden, G., Morgan, A.T., & Ullman, M. (2014). Procedural learning deficits in Specific Language Impairment (SLI): A meta-analysis of serial reaction time task performance. Cortex, 51: 1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.10.011
McDonald, S., Gowland, A., Randall, R., Fisher, A., Osborne-Crowley, K., & Honan, C. (2014). Cognitive factors underpinning poor expressive communication skills after traumatic brain injury: theory of mind or poor executive function?. Neuropsychology, 28(5), 801-811.
DOI: 10.1037/neu0000089
Reilly, S., Tomblin, B., Law, J., McKean, C., Mensah, F.K., Morgan, A., Goldfeld, S., Nicholson, J.M., Wake, M. (2014). Specific language impairment: a convenient label for whom?. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 49(4), 416-451.
DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12102
Rose, M., Ferguson, A., Power, E., Togher, L., & Worrall, L. (2014). Aphasia rehabilitation in Australia: Current practices, challenges and future directions. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(2), 169-180. DOI: 10.3109/17549507.2013.794474
Taylor, C., Croot, K., Power, E., Savage, S.A., Hodges, J.R., & Togher, L. (2014). Trouble and repair during conversations of people with primary progressive aphasia. Aphasiology, 28(8/9), 1069-1091. DOI: 10.1080/02687038.2014.930411
Thomas, E., Power, E., Worrall, L., Rose, M., Togher, L., & Ferguson, A. (2014). A national approach to improving aphasia services: Application of a knowledge transfer and exchange framework. Journal of Clinical Practice in Speech Language Pathology, 16(1), 30-36. Read here.
Togher, L., Wiseman-Hakes, C., Douglas, J., Stergiou-Kita, M., Ponsford, J., Teasell, R., Bayley, M., Turkstra, L.S., INCOG Expert Panel. (2014). INCOG recommendations for management of cognition following traumatic brain injury, part IV: cognitive communication. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29(4), 353-368. DOI: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000071
2013
Barwood, C.H.S. & Murdoch, B.E. (2013). Unravelling the influence of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) on cognitive-linguistic processing: A comparative group analysis. Brain Injury, 27(6), 671-676. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.775500
Rietdijk, R., Simpson, G., Togher, L., Power, E., & Gillett, L. (2013). An exploratory prospective study of the association between communication skills and employment outcomes after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 27(7-8), 812-818. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.775491
Sim, P., Power, E., & Togher, L. (2013). Describing conversations between individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and communication partners following communication partner training: Using exchange structure analysis. Brain Injury, 27(6), 717-742. DOI:10.3109/02699052.2013.775485
Togher, L. (2013). Improving Communication for People with Brain Injury in the 21st Century: The Value of Collaboration. Brain Impairment, 14(1), 130-138. DOI: 10.1017/BrImp.2013.3
Togher, L., McDonald, S., Tate, R., Power, E., & Rietdijk, R. (2013). Training communication partners of people with severe traumatic brain injury improves everyday conversations: a multicenter single blind clinical trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 45(7), 637-645.
DOI: 10.2340/16501977-1173
2012
Bogart, E., Togher, L., Power, E., & Docking, K. (2012). Casual conversations between individuals with traumatic brain injury and their friends. Brain Injury, 26(3), 221-233.
DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.648711
Togher, L., Power, E., Rietdijk, R., McDonald, S., & Tate, R. (2012). An exploration of participant experience of a communication training program for people with traumatic brain injury and their communication partners. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(18), 1562-1574.
DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2012.656788
Evidence-Based Practice
The Speech Pathology Database for Best Interventions and Treatment Efficacy, known as speechBITE, is a free searchable database on the internet designed to assist speech pathologists in evidence-based clinical decision making. Launched in 2008, speechBITE is a joint initiative between the University of Sydney and Speech Pathology Australia led by Chief Investigator Professor Leanne Togher. speechBITE has more than 3000 references from peer-reviewed published journals on treatment for communication and or/swallowing disorders across the lifespan. Methodological ratings for randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials and single-case experimental designs are also available on speechBITE.
PsycBITE™ is a joint initiative between Professor Robyn Tate (University of Sydney), Dr Michael Perdices (Royal North Shore Hospital), Professor Leanne Togher and Dr Anne Moseley (University of Sydney) and Professor Skye McDonald (UNSW). PsycBITE™ is a free database that includes all trials that have been published that evaluate treatment for any behavioural, communication, cognitive or psychological disorders arising from any form of acquired brain impairment in children (above the age of 5 years) and adults. As of July 2016 there are over 5000 treatment studies listed on PsycBITE™ with prospective searches being conducted on a regular basis.
Click here to find out why PsycBITE™ is a useful resource for clinicians from Moving Ahead Chief Investigator, Professor Robyn Tate (University of Sydney).
The Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials (RoBiNT) Scale: An Expanded Manual for the Critical Appraisal of Single-Case Reports - The PsycBITE Group has developed the RoBiNT Scale that makes it possible to judge how well a single-case experimental study has been conducted. This scale not only helps readers judge how good a study is, but it also provides clear guidance in how to conduct a good study. The manual provides examples of good, mixed and poor studies, focusing on fifteen different aspects of a study, for example, whether the study used an acceptable design, whether raw data was provided, whether assessments were conducted in a non-biased fashion and how data was analysed.
Why is it important for clinicians to use evidence-based research in practice? - Professor Robyn Tate from the University of Sydney answers why it's important for clinicians to use evidence-based research in practice.
Value of Single-Case Research Design in Brain Injury Rehabilitation - Professor Robyn Tate from the University of Sydney discusses the value of single-case research design in brain injury rehabilitation.
Translating Single-Case Research into Practice: The Example of "Alan" - Professor Robyn Tate from the University of Sydney provides an example of how to translate single-case research into clinical practice using the example of "Alan".
The Evidence-Based Review of Moderate To Severe Acquired Brain Injury (ERABI) is a joint project to develop an evidence-based review of the literature for rehabilitation or rehabilitation-related interventions for acquired brain injury (ABI). The principle of the ERABI is to improve the quality of ABI rehabilitation by synthesizing the current literature into a utilizable format and laying the foundation for effective knowledge transfer to improve programs and services.
OTseeker is a database that contains abstracts of systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials and other resources relevant to occupational therapy interventions. Most trials have been critically appraised for their validity and interpretability. In one database, OTseeker provides fast and easy access to information from a wide range of sources to inform occupational therapy.
PEDro is the Physiotherapy Evidence Database. PEDro is a free database of over 37,000 randomised trials, systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines in physiotherapy. For each trial, review or guideline, PEDro provides the citation details, the abstract and a link to the full text, where possible. All trials on PEDro are independently assessed for quality. These quality ratings are used to quickly guide users to trials that are more likely to be valid and to contain sufficient information to guide clinical practice. PEDro is produced by Musculoskeletal Health Sydney, School of Public Health at the University of Sydney and is hosted by Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA).
External Resources
- Speech Pathology Australia - Speech Pathology Australia (the Association) is the national peak body for the speech pathology profession in Australia. Speech pathologists are university trained allied health professionals with expertise in the assessment and treatment of communication and/or swallowing difficulties.
- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association – The ASHA is the United States of America’s national professional, scientific and credentialing association with the aim to empower and support audiologists, speech-language pathologists, and speech, language, and hearing scientists.
- Understanding TBI - The University of Washington MSKTC and the TBI Model Systems in the United States developed a four-part series designed to help consumers understand traumatic brain injury.
- TBI InfoComics - The TBI InfoComics are a project of the University of Washington Traumatic Brain Injury Model System study (TBIMS) in the USA, which began in 2013. The TBI InfoComics were created to educate survivors of TBI, their families and/or caregivers, and healthcare providers about common symptoms of TBI and how to manage them.
- Clinical Neuropsychologist, Dr Glen Johnson from Michigan, USA, provides a clear understanding of what happens after a head injury and discusses commonly asked questions in his online book titled Traumatic Brain Injury Survival Guide. Dr Johnson wrote this book with the goal of better preparing the head injured person and family for the recovery that lies ahead.
- Understanding Brain Injury: A Guide for the Family - The Mayo Clinic in the USA developed this booklet contains information on the human brain, causes of acquired brain injury, the recovery process, and behavior, communication and physical changes after brain injury. It also outlines examples of stressful behaviours and situations that people with brain injury may experience.
- Brain Injury Australia - This acquired brain injury (ABI) advocacy body works at a national level to ensure that all people living with ABI have access to the support and resources they need to optimise their social and economic participation in the community.
- Synapse - Formerly known as the Brain Injury Association of Queensland, Synapse seeks to be the lead community-based organisation in QLD Australia providing support, advocacy and information to people with an ABI, their families, and to individuals or organisations that share the ABI experience in any way and for any reason.
- Liverpool Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit - Located at Liverpool Hospital in NSW, Australia, the LBIRU has established a national and international reputation for outstanding research in the rehabilitation of people with TBI. This Unit not only provides rehabilitation services for people with TBI, but also provides various resources for people living with a brain injury and their families.
- BrainLink - Located in Victoria, Australia, this service is dedicated to improving the quality of life of people affected by brain conditions by providing information and support to those affected and their families. BrainLink has a library that offers books, articles and videos about children and young people with ABI and their families.
- The International Brain Injury Association - IBIA is dedicated to the development and support of multidisciplinary medical and clinical professionals, advocates, policy makers, consumers and others who work to improve outcomes and opportunities for persons with brain injury.
- Brain Injury Association of America - BIAA is the United States of America’s oldest and largest nationwide brain injury advocacy organization. Their mission is to advance awareness, research, treatment and education and to improve the quality of life for all individuals impacted by brain injury. Through advocacy, they help provide hope and healing to millions of individuals living with brain injury, their families and the professionals who serve them.
- BrainLine - This national multimedia project is a service of WETA, the public TV and radio station in Washington, DC. USA. BrainLine offers information and resources about preventing, treating, and living with TBI, including a series of webcasts, an electronic newsletter, and an extensive outreach campaign in partnership with national organizations concerned about traumatic brain injury.
- Model Systems Knowledge Translation Centre (MSKTC) - The MSKTC is a national center in the USA that helps facilitate the knowledge translation process to make research meaningful to those with spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI) and burn injury (Burn).
- The Journey Home - The Centre of Excellence for Medical Multimedia’s Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) webiste provides an informative and sensitive exploration of TBI, including information for patients, family members, and caregivers. Topics include types and symptoms of brain injury, TBI treatment and recovery, and helpful insights about the potential long-term effects of brain injury. Animation is used to help patients clearly understand the brain, and the results of injuries to different parts of the brain. Survivors and their caregivers share courageous stories about their own experiences, providing down-to-earth facts along with inspiration and hope.
- Headway - the brain injury assocation - Headway is the UK-wide charity that works to improve life after brain injury. Through its network of more than 125 groups and branches across the UK, it provides support, services and information to brain injury survivors, their families and carers, as well as to professionals in the health and legal fields.